澜沧江-湄公河干流底沙重金属含量空间变化及污染评价   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

苏斌  傅开道  钟荣华  宋静宜 《山地学报》2011,29(6)

国际河流澜沧江-湄公河流域资源开发引起的水文情势、泥沙和水环境变化一直是国际社会关注的重点.本研究选取了该河干流境内外8个关键河段的底沙进行采样,并进行5种重金属元素(锌Zn、铅Pb、铜Cu、铬Cr、砷As)含量实验测试,分析了该河干流底沙重金属含量空间变化.运用沉积学原理,应用地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价了澜沧江-湄公河流域干流底沙重金属污染的情况.结果显示:1.在澜沧江-湄公河流域干流底沙重金属元素中Zn、Pb、As在上游中国境内澜沧江底沙中的含量平均值分别为91.43 mg/kg、41.85 mg/kg、21.84 mg/kg,均大于其在下游境外湄公河底沙中平均含量,其平均含量分别为68.17 mg/kg、28.22 mg/kg、14.97mg/kg;Cr在境外湄公河底沙中含量的平均值为418.86mg/kg,大于境内上游澜沧江底沙中的平均含量42.19 mg/kg,且主要集中在琅勃拉邦和巴色采样点,其含量分别为762.93 mg/kg、422.9 mg/kg;Cu除在戛旧和界碑含量较小分别为11.7 mg/kg、7 mg/kg外,在上下游其他采样点的含量分布变化不明显.2.地积累指数法评价结果表明干流底沙重金属在上游中国境内Zn、Pb、As有污染,其中Pb、As的污染较Zn严重.在下游中国境外Cr污染较严重,其污染主要集中在琅勃拉邦和巴色两个采样点,As在巴色采样点也出现了轻微污染.3.潜在生态危害指数法评结果表明干流底沙重金属元素单一潜在生态危害系数和多种重金属潜在生态危害指数均较小,各采样点重金属潜在生态危害程度均属于轻微污染.由此可见澜沧江-湄公河境内局部河段因地球化学背景或矿产开采致使的水体和底沙重金属污染,沿程经水体稀释和水库淤积后,尚未出现污染的跨境迁移现象.本研究能在一定程度上填补澜沧江-湄公河流域在干流上对重金属污染研究的空缺,为澜沧江流域资源开发的评价影响提供理论依据.  相似文献   

汶川地震灾后重建地区的人口容量分析     

高晓路  陈田  樊杰 《地理学报(英文版)》2011,21(3):521-538

Assessment of population carrying capacity is a key task in the reconstruction planning of areas struck by disasters, in which the precision of estimation is required. This study developed a decision-making model for estimating the population capacity of the involved townships and cities in the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake based on the assessment of the suitability for reconstruction of the areas. Through analysis, arable land resources were argued to be the critical constraint of population capacity in these areas. Then, the spatial differentiations of the post-quake development conditions across different regions were analyzed with respect to their natural environments, socio-economic development and quake damages. The expected levels of urbanization, family incomes and income structures, output levels of land, and the reliance of agricultural population on arable land were estimated by different regions. With these parameters, the population capacities of the involved townships and cities in three scenarios were estimated. The total population capacity of the entire areas is abundant compared with the actual post-quake population; however, the status of over-population substantially varies across space. It was suggested to put the emphasis of post-quake resettlement policy on those counties where earthquake had been the main causes of over-population. In the Full Recovery Scenario, three mountain counties were identified including Wenchuan, Beichuan and Maoxian, with a total over-population of about 100,000 people.  相似文献   

基于生物可利用性与宽浓度范围的Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法的创建——以小秦岭金矿区农田土壤为例   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

卢聪  李涛  付义临  徐友宁  张江华  吴耀国 《地质通报》2015,34(11):2054-2060

Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法是土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价的一种常用方法,研究与实践证明其有效性的同时,也发现了其不足之处:忽略了土壤重金属不同形态之间潜在生态风险的差异,且只重视重金属含量高于参考值时的生态风险,而对低于参考值时的情况没有给予考虑,以致特定情况下的评价结果不能很好地反映实际生态风险,因而有必要创建适用性更广的Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法。为此,基于全过程控制优化的思想,引入了生物可利用性毒性系数,并将修正浓度与参考值差值引入计算公式,创建了基于生物可利用性与宽浓度范围的Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,实现了对重金属不同形态风险贡献的差异及重金属浓度低于参考值情况下潜在生态风险的准确把握。以小秦岭金矿区为典型区域,辅以对采集土样重金属总量及5种形态含量的分析,开展案例研究。结果表明,基于生物可利用性与宽浓度范围的Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法能客观地揭示土壤重金属的潜在生态风险,具有更大的适应性,是一种有效的潜在生态风险评价方法。  相似文献   

Research on quantitative assessment of climate change risk at an urban scale: Review of recent progress and outlook of future direction     

Bin Ye  Jingjing Jiang  Junguo Liu  Yi Zheng  Nan Zhou 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2011

Cities are not only major contributors to global climate change but also stand at the forefront of climate change impact. Quantifying and assessing the risk potentially induced by climate change has great significance for cities to undertake positive climate adaptation and risk prevention. However, most of the previous studies focus on global, national or regional dimensions, only a few have attempted to examine climate change risk at an urban scale and even less in the case of a recent literature review. As a result, a quantitative assessment of climate change risk for cities remains highly challenging. To fill this gap, the article makes a critical review of the recent literature on urban-scale climate change risk assessment, and classifies them into four major categories of studies which jointly constitute a stepwise modelling chain from global climate change towards urban-scale risk assessment. On this basis, the study summarizes the updated research progresses and discusses the major challenges to be overcome for the seamless coupling of climate simulation between different scales, the reproduction of compound climate events, the incorporation of non-market and long-lasting impacts and the representation of risk transmission insides or beyond a city. Furthermore, future directions to advance quantitative assessment of urban-scale climate change risk are highlighted, with fresh insights into improving study methodology, enriching knowledge of climate change impact on city, enhancing abundance and accessibility to data, and exploring the best practice to provide city-specific climate risk service.  相似文献   

黑龙江省暴雪时空分布特征与发生风险研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

张丽娟  陈红  刘栋  张利  周东颖 《冰川冻土》2011,33(4):721-728

暴雪是黑龙江省常见的灾害性天气之一,基于1970～2006年黑龙江省78个市（县）的逐日降雪资料,对暴雪初、终日分布规律,暴雪的时间、空间分布特征进行分析,采用信息扩散理论计算了各市（县）发生不同暴雪日数的概率风险估计值,并结合GIS技术进行风险区划．研究表明：黑龙江省暴雪初始日期和终止日期37a来变化不大,初始日出现...  相似文献   

汶川8．0级地震序列时空分布研究     

姜振泉  刘芙荣  徐瑞朋 《西安地质学院学报》2011,(4):428-433

基于四川防震减灾信息网以及中国地震台网中心、中国地震信息网、国家地震科学数据共享中心提供的汶川8．0级地震目录资料,对2008年S月12日至2010年3月1日共1613次3．0级及以上余震的地震序列进行了时空分布分析。结果表明：汶川8．0级地震的余震大致可分为7个阶段,主震后18天应列为大地震强余震发生的警戒时间;地震序列的b值为0．751,印证了在类型相同的情况下主震震级越大b值越高的观点;地震序列的P值为1．117,与全球地震衰减速率相当;汶川地震的余震分布主要沿龙门山断裂走向北东向扩展,且具有明显分区性,自南向北分为南、中、北3区段,南区为地震起始破裂段,地震后期余震则主要分布在北区;震源深度分布在10～40km,集中在10～20km,表明龙门山断裂主要发生在中上地壳,且震源深度由南向北呈现逐渐变浅的趋势;震源深度扩展,南区呈明显脉冲状,中区主要是依次由15、30、25km深度向深、浅层同时扩展,北区余震深度分布呈“乙”字型,最后稳定在15km左右。  相似文献   

基于改进型图像信息方法的汶川地震前电离层参量时空特征研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

武安绪  张永仙  周元泽  张小涛  李国江 《地球物理学报》2011,54(10):2445-2457

震前加速破坏阶段地壳岩石破裂过程中可能辐射电磁信号,提取与之相关的电磁信号异常有助于认识地震孕育及破坏过程,从而为防震减灾提供支持.本文提出了改进型图像信息方法(Modified Pattern Informatics Method,MPI方法),并用于汶川地震前电离层参量时空特征信息的提取.通过分析对比处理前后的DEMETER电磁卫星时空图像可以发现,原始时空图像一般存在季节性和空间性的变化规律,较难获得有意义的信息;而采用MPI方法处理后,则发现汶川大地震前,电离层参量存在明显的异常变化.从而,证明了MPI方法具有消除背景趋势、突出短期变化的能力,可以有效地提取强震相关的电磁前兆信息.  相似文献   

2010年1月12日海地 Mw7.0地震InSAR同震形变观测及同震滑动分布反演          下载免费PDF全文

薛莲  孙建宝  沈正康 《地震地质》2011,33(1):157-174

2010年1月12日GMT时间21时53分,在海地境内(72.57°W,18.44°N)发生了Mw7.0地震.文中利用干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)方法获得了覆盖整个震区的高精度形变观测资料,用以研究该地震的发震机理.采用ALOs PALSAR数据,分析了轨道、大气等误差源对干涉信号的影响,最终获得了雷达视线向(LOS...  相似文献   

国家地震速报备份系统的部署与运行   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

吴永权  黄文辉  康英  沈玉松  吴叔坤  刘军  苏柱金  叶繁英 《国际地震动态》2011,(12):21-28

国家地震速报备份系统是由中国地震局出资,在广东省地震台网中心建设的一套全自动地震速报系统.本文介绍了国家地震速报备份系统的职责、系统架构、主要功能模块、系统工作原理、部署情况与台网规模,分析了系统2009-2010年运行两年来的工作情况,并对系统自动产出的地震定位结果进行初步的统计与比较,对系统运行的总体效果给予了初步...  相似文献   

Analysis of buried pipelines subjected to reverse fault motion     

Shantanu Joshi  Amit Prashant  Arghya Deb  Sudhir K. Jain 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2011

Presently available simplified analytical methods and semi-empirical methods for the analysis of buried pipelines subjected to fault motion are suitable only for the strike-slip and the normal-slip type fault motions, and cannot be used for the reverse fault crossing case. A simple finite element model, which uses beam elements for the pipeline and discrete nonlinear springs for the soil, has been proposed to analyse buried pipeline subjected to reverse fault motion. The material nonlinearities associated with pipe-material and soil, and geometric nonlinearity associated with large deformations were incorporated in the analysis. Complex reverse fault motion was simulated using suitable constraints between pipe-nodes and ground ends of the soil spring. Results of the parametric study suggest that the pipeline's capacity to accommodate reverse fault offset can be increased significantly by choosing a near-parallel orientation in plan with respect to the fault line. Further improvement in the response of the pipeline is possible by adopting loose backfill, smooth and hard surface coating, and shallow burial depth in the fault crossing region. For normal or near normal orientations, pipeline is expected to fail due to beam buckling at very small fault offsets.  相似文献